The Lumbar Ligamentum Flavum Does Not Have Two Layers and Is Confluent with the Interspinous Ligament: Anatomical Study with Application to Surgical and Interventional Pain Procedures

Numerous authors over the years have reported that the lumbar ligamentum flavum has two layers. Our routine cadaveric dissections raised the question whether this understanding is correct, as we always have observed only one layer. Thus, the goal of this cadaveric study was to reevaluate the layers of the ligamentum flavum. Twenty lumbar levels from five fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens were used in this study. After dissection of the lumbar spine, the ligamentum flavum and interspinous ligament were exposed. Each lumbar level was transected through the zygapophyseal joint, and hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson's trichrome staining and Verhoeff-van Gieson staining were performed. Continuation of the interspinous ligament and ligamentum flavum were observed invariably. There was no evidence of the existence of a two-layered ligamentum flavum. The lumbar ligamentum flavum does not consist of two layers, but is confluent instead with the interspinous ligament that attaches to the zygapophyseal joints. To convey this anatomy better, we suggest describing the lumbar ligamentum flavum as a structure that consists of interlaminar and interspinous parts. Precise knowledge of the ligamentum flavum's anatomy can be of clinical value, particularly when epidural anesthesia or lumbar puncture are performed. Clin. Anat. 32:34–40, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

自发性硬脊膜外血肿15例诊治分析

目的 探讨自发性硬脊膜外血肿（SSEH）的临床特点、治疗方法及效果。方法 回顾性分析2015年3月至2019年11月收治的15例SSEH的临床资料，保守治疗1例，手术治疗14例:椎板减压血肿清除10例，其中行脊柱固定融合7例，血肿清除后椎板还纳1例，半椎板入路血肿清除3例。结果 首次发病9例，两次以上6例。1例保守治疗ASIA分级由入院时C级恢复至出院时E级，后来失访。手术治疗的14例术后随访3个月~4年:4例术前ASIA分级A级中，1例术后随访3个月时仍为A级，随后失访；1例术后2年恢复至D级，2例术后3个月均恢复至E级；术前ASIA分级B~D级的10例术后3个月全部恢复至E级。13例3个月以后随访没有再发病，MRI复查未见复发；X线检查未见脊柱畸形和内固定松动。结论 部分SSEH有反复发病的特点，尽早手术可改善病人预后，不同的病例应该个体化选择手术方式     

复合手术治疗硬脊膜外动静脉瘘合并硬脊膜动静脉瘘1例 并文献复习

目的 总结硬脊膜外动静脉瘘（SEDAVF）合并硬脊膜动静脉瘘（SDAVF）的复合手术治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析复合手术治疗的1例SEDAVF合并SDAVF的临床资料，并结合文献分析。结果 首先经动脉途径进行ONYX胶栓塞，因胶弥散效果不佳，仅封堵供血动脉，瘘口及引流静脉仍可显影；然后，开放性手术烧灼硬脊膜外扩张迀曲的静脉丛血管，但未剪开硬脊膜探查，术后7 d因并存SDAVF加重血流动力学改变并引起症状加重，再次行介入栓塞时处理SDAVF。术后6个月随访双下肢肌力恢复至4级，大小便功能正常。结论 SEDAVF处理的关键在于闭塞瘘口及近端引流静脉，对于合并的SDAVF，可选择介入治疗。单纯SEDAVF，可选择开放性手术灼闭硬脊膜外扩张迂曲的静脉湖；SEDAVF合并SDAVF，可先行介入栓塞瘘口，解除脊髓静脉高压综合征及硬脊膜外静脉湖压迫症状；如仍末治愈，可行开放手术灼闭硬脊膜外扩张迀曲的静脉湖，解除对脊髓的压迫。     

Use of Tissue Plasminogen Activator as a Surrogate Measure for Central Venous Catheter Dysfunction and Survival Outcome in Children with Cancer: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study

Abstract

Central venous catheter (CVC) dysfunction is often associated with thrombosis, which in turn has been linked with poorer survival outcomes in cancer patients. Our objective was to examine the association of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) administration as a surrogate measure of CVC dysfunction with survival in pediatric cancer patients. The present study uses data from a population-based retrospective cohort of pediatric oncology patients from the Canadian Maritime provinces treated between 2000 and 2017 at the IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS. Demographics, diagnosis, date of death or date of last visit, and tPA use for CVC dysfunction were obtained from clinical databases and the provincial Cancer in Young People in Canada registry. The association between tPA administration and survival was examined using a Cox regression model adjusted for sex, age at diagnosis, cancer type, thrombosis, CVC duration, diagnosis era, and treatment modalities. Out of 821 patients, 206 received one or more doses of tPA during upfront therapy. The death rate was 21% and 15% respectively in patients who did and did not receive tPA. In the adjusted regression model, after receiving one or more doses of tPA, children had significantly poorer survival as compared to those that did not receive tPA (HR: 1.496, 95% CI: 1.019, 2.197). CVC dysfunction may be associated with a poorer prognosis in pediatric cancer patients. Future studies should corroborate these findings in other populations, examine the influence of other potential confounders, and determine the role of CVC dysfunction in prognostic models of cancer survival.     

猪尾巴导管在单孔胸腔镜肺肿瘤手术中应用的有效性评估:基于倾向性评分匹配法的研究

目的评估猪尾巴导管在单孔胸腔镜肺肿瘤手术中应用的有效性。方法回顾性分析2020年1月至12月上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院东院接受单孔胸腔镜肺肿瘤手术的患者共441例,根据是否放置猪尾巴导管分为胸管组和猪尾巴管组,通过倾向性评分匹配法进行1∶1匹配,对比两组患者围手术期的各项指标。结果匹配后每组143例配对成功,匹配后两组间基线特征无统计学差异。对比两组围手术期指标发现,猪尾巴管组患者术后3天胸腔引流总量显著多于胸管组(375.49 ml对285.03 ml,P<0.001),术后两周复查CT示胸腔积液量显著少于胸管组(131.77 ml对178.84 ml,P=0.032),两组术后疼痛评分、引流天数及住院天数无明显统计学差异。结论加放猪尾巴导管可有效改善单孔胸腔镜肺肿瘤术后胸腔引流情况,且不增加患者术后疼痛,不延长胸腔引流及住院天数。     

硬膜外麻醉对老年前列腺电切术患者认知功能的影响

目的探讨硬膜外麻醉对老年前列腺电切术患者术后认知功能的影响。方法选取驻马店市中心医院2016年5月—2018年2月收治的106例行前列腺电切术老年患者,将其随机分成例数均等的两组,对照组采取全身麻醉方式,观察组患者实施硬膜外麻醉,比较两组麻醉效果和并发症及不良反应发生情况,采用简易精神状况检查量表(MMSE)评价患者术前术后认知功能情况。结果两组麻醉起效时间及麻醉效果比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),观察组麻醉恢复时间明显短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);观察组心动过缓、尿潴留和低血压的发生率显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),两组患者术前MMSE得分无显著性差异(P0.05),术后7 d、术后1个月时,观察组患者MMSE得分明显高于对照组(P0.01),对照组术后MMSE得分低于术前(P0.05)。结论硬膜外麻醉应用于前列腺电切术老年患者中麻醉效果满意,并发症及不良反应发生率低,对患者的认知功能影响较小,安全可行。     

Population pharmacokinetics of oxycodone in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid after epidural and intravenous administration

Objectives: To establish the first plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oxycodone population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model after epidural (EPI) and intravenous (IV) oxycodone administration.

Methods: The study was conducted with 30 female subjects undergoing elective gynecological surgery with epidural analgesia. A parallel single dose of EPI oxycodone with IV placebo (EPI group; n = 18) or IV oxycodone with EPI placebo (IV group; n = 12) was administered. An epidural catheter for drug administration was placed at T12/L1 and a spinal catheter for CSF sampling at L3/4. Plasma and CSF for oxycodone analysis were frequently collected. A PopPK model was built using the NONMEM software package.

Results: Plasma and CSF oxycodone concentrations were evaluated using separate central plasma and CSF compartments and separate peripheral plasma and CSF compartments. Epidural space served as a depot compartment with transfer to both the plasma and CSF central compartments. The population parameters for plasma clearance and apparent distribution volumes for central and peripheral compartments for plasma and CSF were 37.4 L/h, 90.2 L, 68.9 L, 0.035 L (fixed based on literature), and 0.039 L, respectively.

Conclusion: A PopPK model was developed and found to precisely and accurately describe oxycodone time-concentration data in plasma and CSF.